A provision that allowed a voter to skip a literacy test if his father or grandfather had been eligible to vote on January 1, 1867 (Because no African American in the South could vote before 1868, nearly all were denied the right to vote), Enforced separation of races (These so-called Jim Crow laws barred the mixing of races in almost every aspect of life). Planters broke up large farms into smaller plots tended by single families in exchange for a portion of the crop, a system called sharecropping. Wages plummeted and a growing system of debt peonage trapped workers in endless cycles of poverty. Despite the enduring presence of Reconstruction in those states, white conservatives organized violence and fraud with impunity. By the early 1870s, Stalwart Republicans assumed control of Republican Party politics. What happened in the South after the Reconstruction era ended? On the eve of the 1876 presidential election, the nation still reeled from depression. The top left showsa riot in Memphis and at the top ariot in New Orleans. The political and social consequences of the violence were as lasting as the physical and mental trauma suffered by victims and witnesses. Freedom is a core aspect Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. What is reconstruction and the end of history? The Unions blockade of the Atlantic prevented the Confederacy from financing the war with cotton sales to Europe. right to vote in 1870. But the aftermath of the war left portions of the Confederacy in ruins. When just 10 percent of a states voting population had taken such an oath, loyal Unionists could then establish governments.3 These so-called Lincoln governments sprang up in pockets where Union support existed like Louisiana, Tennessee, and Arkansas. Many of these codes defined anyone who wasn't under a labor eradication of southern black poverty. 3 What was one result of the end of Reconstruction in the South? racially segregated but ostensibly ensuring equal opportunities to all races. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Republicans in Congress responded with a spate of legislation aimed at protecting freedmen and restructuring political relations in the South. Liberated from white-controlled churches, Black Americans remade their religious worlds according to their own social and spiritual desires.17. This ruling not only defeated the New Departure but also coincided with the Courts broader reactionary interpretation of the Reconstruction amendments that significantly limited freedmens rights. But the economic program spawned corruption and rising taxes, alienating increasing numbers of white voters. From 1861 onward, the Confederate government struggled to find the guns, food, and supplies needed to field an army. The Rebels imprisoned my Husband. Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass. As with all things on wikipedia, check the footnotes. Chapter 16 Review Flashcards | Quizlet than 2,000 African Americans held public office, Victory did not produce a sudden economic boom for the rest of the United States, either. Well, after the amendments, African Americans were free By 1875, Democrats in Mississippi hatched the Mississippi Plan, a wave of violence designed to intimidate Black activists and suppress Black voters.39 The states Republican governor pleaded for federal intervention, but national Republicans ignored the plea. None of this is to suggest that the Norths superior ability to supply its war machine made the outcome of the war inevitable. Do you think the Civil War ended in sectionalism? What happened after the end of reconstruction? women filled the The war also pushed the U.S. government to take unprecedented steps. Stanton and Anthony formed the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA), while suffragists who supported the Fifteenth Amendment, regardless of its limitations, founded the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA). proved whether a potential voter could read and write. citizenship was exclusively the privilege of white Americans. Above all, freedpeople wanted freedom to control their families.15. Southern state governments attempted to limit the physical freedom of African Americans as well, with statutes known as the Black Codes. In 1860, only five states in the North allowed African Americans to vote on equal terms with whites. The policy would later be overruled and freedpeople would lose their right to the land., 2. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, the great womens rights and abolition activist, was one of the strongest forces in the universal suffrage movement. Some worried that political support for freedmen would be undermined by the pursuit of womens suffrage. What Factors Led to the End of Reconstruction? - United States These tensions finally erupted over conflicting views of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. But the war did prove beneficial to wealthy northern farmers who could afford new technologies. For example, public schools for African Americans were almost always inferior to schools for whites. We had passably good roads, on which we could reach almost any part of the State, and the next week they were all gonenot simply broken up, but gone. Reconstruction changed when John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln on April 14, 1865, during a performance of Our American Cousin at Fords Theater. Republicans in Congress responded to the codes with the Civil Rights Act of 1866, the first federal attempt to constitutionally define all American-born residents (except Native peoples) as citizens. Their goods crisscrossed the country on the Norths growing railroad network. Joseph Locke and Ben Wright (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2018). So how much did the Congress refused to seat the representatives and senators elected from the Southern states and in early 1866 passed the Freedmens Bureau and Civil Rights Bills. Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton maintained a strong and productive relationship for nearly half a century as they sought to secure political rights for women. This was the question that African American women continued participating in federal Decoration Day ceremonies and, later, formed their own club organizations. The Confederate surrender at Appomattox Court House and the subsequent adoption by the U.S. Congress of the Thirteenth Amendment destroyed the institution of American slavery and threw southern society into disarray. Six weeks later, on July 9, 1868, the states ratified the Fourteenth Amendment, guaranteeing birthright citizenship and equal protection of the laws. After the Civil War, they also wanted to enact harsh penalties against the former Confederate states. Mississippis vagrant law required all freedmen to carry papers proving they had means of employment.6 If they had no proof, they could be arrested and fined. While white southern women decided whether and how to return to their prior status, African American women embraced new freedoms and a redefinition of womanhood. era, the 13th Amendment, which ended the system of slavery in 1865, the 14th Amendment, which Nonetheless, the political revolution of Reconstruction spawned increasingly violent opposition from white Southerners. and in voting rights, but those rights had all but evaporated by the end of the century. After attempting to remove Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, in violation of the new Tenure of Office Act, Johnson had been impeached by the House of Representatives in 1868. Meanwhile, the social and economic transformation of the South proceeded apace. Celebrations honored the bravery of both armies, and the meaning of the war faded. On the eve of war, the American South enjoyed more per capita wealth than any other slave economy in the New World. women filled the power vacuum that reconstruction had created. Only the presence of federal troops in key southern cities prevented Reconstructions quick collapse. In the fall 1866 congressional elections, Northern voters overwhelmingly repudiated Johnsons policies. Thomas Kelly after James C. Beard, The 15th Amendment. Attempts to restore the antebellum economic order largely succeeded. Southern cities grew rapidly after the war as migrants from the countrysideparticularly freed peopleflocked to urban centers. In 1877, Hayes withdrew the last federal troops from the south, and the bayonet-backed Republican governments collapsed, thereby ending Reconstruction. have their labor sold. The second defined all persons born in the United States as national citizens, who were to enjoy equality before the law. The center illustration shows a Black soldier as Othello and President Andrew Johnson as Iago.Johnsons slogans Treason is a crime and must be made odious and I am your Moses are on the wall. A grandfather clause extends the legality of something if a law is later passed making the original thing substandard. Womens rights leaders vigorously protested the Fourteenth Amendment. The end of Reconstruction was a staggered process, and the period of Republican control ended at different times in different states. Reconstruction Newspaper ads sought information about long-lost relatives. d. The protections of black civil rights crumbled under the pressure of restored white rule and This was not to say that Republican policy worked for everyone. They also offered lavish aid to railroads and other enterprises in the hope of creating a New South whose economic expansion would benefit Blacks and whites alike. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. It does not store any personal data. Reconstruction Review Flashcards | Quizlet For all of their differences, white and Black southern women faced a similar challenge during Reconstruction. Due to this African Americans were mostly unable to vote and hence couldn't prevent the election of openly racist politicians. Her name can be seen at the top of this petition to extend suffrage to all regardless of sex, which was present to Congress on January 29, 1866. To Blacks, freedom meant independence from white control. Most African American officeholders, however, gained their freedom during the war. attempted to negotiate a new social and political Reconstruction ended with the compromise of 1877 which was between republicans and democrats. to pass the 14th Amendment, which defined a US citizen as anyone born or naturalized This chapter was edited by Nicole Turner, with content contributions by Christopher Abernathy, Jeremiah Bauer, Michael T. Caires, Mari Crabtree, Chris Hayashida-Knight, Krista Kinslow, Ashley Mays, Keith McCall, Ryan Poe, Bradley Proctor, Emma Teitelman, Nicole Turner, and Caitlin Verboon. .The man who tied me to a tree and gave me 39 lashes and who stripped and flogged my mother and my sister . Specific factors which finally ended the Reconstruction Era included the disputes surrounding the 1876 presidential election, increasing violence by the Ku Klux Following this defeat, many suffragists like Stanton increasingly replaced the ideal of universal suffrage with arguments about the virtue that white women would bring to the polls. This print depicts a huge parade held in Baltimore, Maryland, on May 19, 1870, surrounded by portraits of abolitionists and scenes of African Americans exercising their rights. Cotton fed the textile mills of America and Europe and brought great wealth to the region. These tight-knit communities provided African Americans with spaces where they could live free from the indignities of segregation and the exploitation of sharecropping on white-owned plantations.35. Other states soon followed. Then, as the federal What ended as a result of reconstruction? At the national level, new laws and constitutional amendments permanently altered the federal system and the definition of American citizenship. 4 What happened after the reconstruction of the south? In his last speech, on April 11, 1865, Lincoln, referring to Reconstruction in Louisiana, expressed the view that some Blacksthe very intelligent and those who had served in the Union armyought to enjoy the right to vote. While no one could agree on what the best plan for reconstructing the nation would be, Americans understood the moment as critical and perhaps revolutionary. Lincolns policy was lenient, conservative, and short-lived. Some of the material was burned, I know, but miles and miles of iron have actually disappeared, gone out of existence.1 He might as well have been talking about the entire antebellum way of life. Not until the 1960s would African American voter registration once again reach Freedmen discuss post-emancipation life with General Sherman, 1865, Reconstruction began before the War ended. The changes that might have come when representation in Congress switched from mostly Republican in 1872 to mostly Democrat in 1876. Moreover, during the war, southern white women had been called on to do traditional mens work, chopping wood and managing businesses. They used poll taxes and literacy tests to prevent African Americans from voting, and passed Jim Crow laws that prevented African Americans from using facilities that whites used. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Please clickhereto improve this chapter.*. At first, the expansion of the currency and the rapid rise in government spending created an uptick in business in 18621863. Direct link to BloodyGamer501's post hmmmmmmm how big are t, Posted 3 years ago. In a short time, the South was transformed from an all-white, pro-slavery, Democratic stronghold to a collection of Republican-led states with African Americans in positions of power for the first time in American history.9. Have students brainstorm ideas about what these problems might be. 1, c. 1866.Library of Congress. citizenship from whiteness. Many freedpeople rushed to solemnize unions with formal wedding ceremonies. Any account of the war must consider the tangled web of politics, battles, and economics that occurred between 1861 and 1865. The foundation of southern society had been shaken, but southern whites used Black Codes and racial terrorism to reassert control over formerly enslaved people. 8 What happened after the end of Reconstruction quizlet? Some Republicans were already convinced that equal rights for the former slaves had to accompany the Souths readmission to the Union. The factories and farms of the North successfully supplied Union troops, while the federal government, with some adjustments, found the means to pay for war. She lent her educational expertise to the war effort by relocating to South Carolina in 1862 with the goal of educating formerly enslaved people. Johnson andReconstruction cartoon, 1866, This print mocksReconstruction by makingseveral allusions to Shakespeare. White people were understood as fit for freedom and citizenship, Black people for chattel slave labor. For a time, the federal government, its courts, and its troops, sought to put an end to the KKK and related groups. But the Supreme Court Matt Morgen, Print of a crowd driven from Tompkins Square by the mounted police, in the Tompkins Square Riot of 1874, January 1874.Wikimedia. It did not pass, and women would not gain the vote for more than half a century after Stanton and others signed this petition. Meanwhile, New Departure Democratswho focused on business, economics, political corruption, and tradegained strength by distancing themselves from pro-slavery Democrats and Copperheads. After receiving an education in Salem, Massachusetts, Forten became the first Black American hired to teach white students. continuities and changes in the definition of freedom. Thus began the period of Radical or Congressional Reconstruction, which lasted until the end of the last Southern Republican governments in 1877. In this report, General J.J. Reynolds describes the lawlessness of Texas during Reconstruction., 6. Here we see several of the themes most important to Black Americans during Reconstruction: The print celebrates the military achievements of Black veterans, the voting rights protected by the amendment, the right to marry and establish families, the creation and protection of Black churches, and the right to own and improve land. What happened after the reconstruction of the south? They didn't have control of their bodies or of their labor. Soon the Bureau and the federal government would recognize that they could not accomplish a fraction of what they set out to do, including keeping African Americans safe and free in the South. The New South began to develop its own resources, setting up mills and factories to turn its resources into useful goods. In this Harpers Weekly print, The Freedmens Bureau official protecting the Black men and women from the angry and riotous mob of white Americans stood as a representation of the entire Bureau. The second document, demonstrates one way that white Southerners denied these claims. In this speech, Douglass calls on Americans to remember the war for what it wasa struggle between an army fighting to protect slavery and a nation reluctantly transformed into a force for liberation., 8. collected on individual people instead of on their property or their income; after Reconstruction ended Southern legislatures passed poll taxes to keep African Americans from voting. So in just five years, African Americans in the South The answers to many of Reconstructions questions hinged on the concepts of citizenship and equality. Many southern governments enacted legislation that reestablished antebellum power relationships. Some, like Antoine Dubuclet of Louisiana and William Breedlove from Virginia, owned enslaved laborers before the Civil War. Many of these independent churches were quickly organized into regional, state, and even national associations, often by brigades of free Black northerners and midwesterners who went to the South to help the freedmen. including two US senators. Arguably the most important addition to the Constitution other than the Bill of Rights, the amendment constituted a profound change in federal-state relations. All such groups were part of a web of terror that spread throughout the South during Reconstruction. Reconstruction ended in 1877 because of a variety of reasons. With the rise of Jim Crow, Black churches would enter a new phase of negotiating relationships within the community and the wider world. . Because many African Americans were former enslaved peoples and had, thus, never had access to schooling, such tests excluded them from registering to vote. What happened
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