Language arts and science, as mentioned above, are also often divided into applied and academic trajectories. The styles were adopted by girls largely based on race, with White girls sporting the Britney look and the Asian and Hispanic girls wearing JLo styles. Children who are accepted by their peers tend to have a more safe school environment, while those who have been rejected by their peers are at a greater risk of targeted harassment and bullying (Wentzel and Looney 2006). Pomerantz argues that dress codes are not simply neutral school policies; they also impact on the creation of gender, sexuality, and race. Did you interact with people in other groups? Standardized tests (discussed in Chapter 5) often exert considerable influence in allocating children into specific streams. Moral education extends into areas beyond the display of particular virtues. What are some conflicts that arise around the topic of school rules? There are many agents of socialization within the school environment, as indicated by Brints (1998) zones of socialization. The development of the generalized other, where a child learns to adopt the attitudes of the wider society, occurs in secondary socialization. Because the school is such an important agent in the socialization of children, it can also have negative impacts on children who experience negative interactions with their teachers. Table 6.1 Structural Differences between School and Family Settings. 7. An internal committee comprised of the principal, two students, and two teachers hear all infractions of the rules. The role of peer groups was also discussed. In April of 2007, zero tolerance policies were removed from Ontario schools.6. The first part addresses the essential implication of race theory in adult education. Streaming is a topic that is hotly debated (Loveless 1999). As Krahn and Taylor (2007) argue, students from disadvantaged backgrounds may have the ability to succeed in advanced academic courses, but an assortment of other factors may be reducing their likelihood of taking these courses. the expected responsibilities, rights, and behaviours of teachers, school staff, and parents (in addition to students) and are worded in a manner that emphasizes co-operation and tolerance rather than solely focusing on punishments for rule infractions; recourses for students who wish to appeal rules (Lewis 1999; Raby 2008; Schimmel 2003). The latter is oriented for someone who wishes to achieve university or post-secondary prerequisites (see Box 6.2 for some comparisons of applied and academic trajectories in Canada). As he works through arguments on the playground or resolves disagreements at his lunch table, his negotiation skills, problem-solving abilities and self-control develop, reports the Scholastic website. Gender stereotypes, however, do exist in perceived competence and ability in subjects, with girls consistently indicating less confidence in their ability in science and math (see Simpkins, Davis-Deane, and Eccles 2006 for an overview). What is the relationship between school rules and the socialization of students? In other words, boys need to be in places where traditional expressions of masculinities can be fostered and nurtured because the current organization of school does not allow this. Personal histories of students are ignored and therefore students do not carry the stigma of past experiences with them in the school. This finding points to important differences in provincial educational policies and practices with regard to streaming. Placing students in special education, for example, requires that students be labelled as formally needing specialized assistance in order to succeed with curricular expectations (Hibel, Farkas, and Morgan 2010). The disadvantages experienced by Aboriginal children in Canadian schools may be at least partially driven by the self-fulfilling prophecy. The series of courses a student should take that best matches his or her abilities and aptitudes; also known as tracking. The school setting is where the learning of the new role as a student occurs. Critics argue, however, that further demarcating tasks as masculine and feminine continues to promote very narrow gender roles (Greig 2003). Prior to attending school, childrens main source of socialization comes from their families. Developmental socialization This type of socialization involves a learning process wherein the focus in on developing our social skills. (Ontario Ministry of Education 2009) were circulated to teachers in order to put creative strategies in place for improving boys literacy. This story represents school at its most frightening and disturbing. Differentiate between the home schooled experience and outcomes of socialization with those who attend school. 2003). For example, we learn the importance of obeying authority and What is the Value of a Liberal Arts Degree? Dunstable School in Alberta, for example, has instituted policies that promote socially desirable behaviour. Children that act in an aggressive or disruptive manner account for about one-third of children rejected by their peers (Crick and Dodge 1996). Even when accounting for numerous childhood risk factors such as social class of origin, gender, and antisocial behaviour, having been verbally abused by a teacher in early childhood was associated with behavioural problems in adulthood. So far, it has been argued that children must adapt to features of school that are much different from their family environments. In February of 2011, news broke that a six-year-old boy in Laval, Quebec, had been excluded from a school teddy bear contest because he had a plastic sandwich bag in his lunch, which violated the school rules on environmentally friendly lunch containers.5 Many environmental initiatives have been adopted by schools across Canada. American research has found that the home schooled tend to succeed when they attend university (Ray 2004) and were more likely to have at least some college education compared to the general American population. This is particularly striking because these differences in self-concept about abilities in math and science exist in studies even when there is no difference between the grades of males and females. Many researchers have called the reaction to perceived underachievement by boys a global moral panic (see, for example, Griffin 2000; Smith 2003; Weaver-Hightower 2003). How will they learn to work in groups and socialize with other students in a learning environment and form co-operative relationships with their peers? The Ontario Human Rights Commission launched a complaint against the Toronto District School Board, indicating that students with certain types of disabilities were being discriminated against. For example, if a child came from an absent family, or was put in a school or daycare when they were an infant or toddler, a school-like institution may influence primary socialization (Whitbeck, 1999). This may severely limit their future ability of getting admitted to post-secondary training that leads to higher paying jobs with high status (Krahn and Taylor 2001). Students who have good relationships with their teacher are also likely to have better mental health, feel more connected to their school, and experience positive academic outcomes (Jennings and Greenberg 2009). Canadian researchers have found that verbal abuse by teachers in early childhood can have impacts on children not only during childhood and adolescence, but also into adulthood. Some explanations of this biological destiny are based on evolutionary theory (Geary 1996), hormonal differences (Kimura and Hampson 1994), and brain physiology (Baron-Cohen 2003), all suggesting that the basis of differential performance by sex was based on some feature of the brain that was unchangeable. Box 6.3 Zero Tolerance Policies in Canadian Schools. The Manitoba Ministry of Education describes Consumer Mathematics in the following way: The Consumer Mathematics curriculum emphasizes number sense, consumer problem solving, and decision making. Schools become a significant social world for children to navigate. Not all post-secondary institutions, however, accept ELA 30-2 for entry. Unless a child attended preschool or nursery, the structure and routines of the school day and the social relationships within the school setting must be entirely learned. In this chapter, the complex role of socialization within schools was introduced. What solutions are being offered? 2010). This is a community-based school that offers mentoring to marginalized children and youth. Types of socialization: primary, secondary and tertiaryPrimary socialization. You might say that primary socialization is the most important since its the first stage you go through in childhood.Secondary socialization. Secondary socialization comes next. Tertiary socialization. Some authors talk about a third type of socialization in people, which begins with old age and goes into retirement. Less overt ways of instilling values through curricular practices are also found in citizenship education, which teaches students about being good citizens. Citizenship education is present in the primary and secondary curricula of all Canadian provinces and territories (Evans 2006). But perhaps the worst part of school, especially public Although the mitigating factors clause was supposed to protect such students, the statistics indicated otherwise. Respondents did, however, report some negative aspects of home schooling, which included the social stigma attached to being home schooled, social challenges of not being around other children regularly, the limits of the curriculum covered in their schooling, and the challenges of integrating into classroom settings later in life.12, 6.3 Major Forces of Socialization within Schools. 2000). Relationships with teachers are also central in the process of socialization. She notes that while dress code infractions for girls typically are focused on body containment (e.g., showing too much cleavage), for boys it is about containing ethnic or racial identities. Use Google to find home schooling advocacy groups in Canada. Home schooled children typically follow the curriculum of their province of residence. There is a certain body of knowledge that it is assumed children must know in order to be productive citizens and function in society. If theyre breaking what theyre saying it means nothing to us then.1 A student at the competition shot a video of the dance which quickly became an internet sensation accompanied by much public moral outrage. Many codes of conduct in Canadian schools specify attire that is deemed unacceptable for wearing to school. Peer-rejected children often display social skills that make them undesirable playmates and friends to other children. What concerns do critics of home schooling have about the socialization of home schooled children? Such rules were routinely broken and created resentment among students for what they perceived as ridiculous rules that teachers spent far too much time enforcing, and were often seen to enforce in targeted and unegalitarian ways. The process of a student internalizing the preferred understanding of what is right and wrong; accomplished through teachers emphasizing the desirability of certain virtues, such as hard work, equity, being nice, and so on. The role of teachers as a new authority figure in students lives was introduced earlier. For example, in order for someone to become a doctor he/she Overall, Raby and Domitrek (2007) have found that Canadian youth seemed to be generally supportive of rules they regarded as protective (rules prohibiting fighting and bringing weapons to school, for example), as long as they were presented as logical and enforced fairly in practice. An analysis of the relationship between character and citizenship education revealed that the overarching message was to promote assimilation into Canadian society (Winton 2007).4. The structure of school and the structure of the family are obviously very different. Canadian research has produced similar results to its American counterpart. Describe how they all impact on student socialization. 9. Students who are less academically inclined are put into classes that better match their abilities and interests, like vocational training. School uniforms became more widely implemented in the public school system in the United States in the 1980s and 1990s when school policies were put in place in an effort to control gang activities and increase safety at schools (Han 2010). Meanness, on the one hand, is a trait that is spurned by girls, yet, on the other hand, is associated with popularity (Currie and Kelly 2006). The skills that allow an individual to function within society; in the school setting, it is achieved when students embrace and achieve socially sanctioned goals. For example, with small children, socialization tends to focus on control of biological and emotional impulses, such as drinking from a cup rather than from a bottle or asking permission before picking something up. Changes in specific school dress codes shift according to trends in popular fashion. Major agents of socialization include the family and school, but also the media, peer groups, and other major social institutions such as religion and the legal system. The next section addresses the techniques that are used within schools to socialize children into being desirable students. Examples-socialization must occur for a high school freshman to adjust to their new situation. The Such negative relationships can put students at risk for social maladjustment as well as emotional and behavioural problems. In April 2010, it was announced that the teachers would no longer be employed at the high school. The most frequently mentioned motivations were the desire to bond the family through a common educational pursuit, objections to the organization of schools, and a desire to personally enrich the curriculum. It is explained that students voices are important and that individual voices are to be developed within the boundaries of the community, which upholds the three rules. The failure of children to be socially accepted by their peers. Characteristics of the school, teachers, and the peer group all influence the socialization of children within school settings. As discussed later in this chapter, school rules and school codes of conduct are essential features of schools that frame behaviours in a manner such that they produce obedience to authority. How do relationships with teachers influence the socialization of students? Proponents of streaming argue that putting students in classes with others who have similar abilities creates a better learning environment. The influence teachers exert over students in their delivery of curriculum has been addressed above and in the previous chapter. As well, in such discussions, the impact that this would have on female students is rarely considered (Greig 2003). Brint (1998) notes that young children, for example, may be assigned reading material that warns of the consequences of not having such virtues. They had a higher likelihood of participating in risky and illegal behaviour. The second part discusses gender socialization with a close look and discussion on feminist theory. In conclusion, the agent of socialization refers to the various social institutions, groups, and individuals that shape an individual's social identity and behavior. Critics (see Apple 2000) also object to the presentation of the public schooling system as a failure and argue that the home schooling movement, particularly the neo-conservative home schooling movement in the United States, serves to segment and divide the population, essentially creating more problems than it actually solves. This also has the effect of creating resentment and rule breaking among students, especially when they see the rules as pointless and arbitrary. Wotherspoon and Schissel (2001) give an account of an alternative education program in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan called the Won Ska Cultural School. Since the 1990s, however, this has reversed, with girls getting the higher scores, particularly in reading. Socialization: Social institutions provide the structure within which individuals learn the norms and values of society. Victims also tend to experience irritability (Sharp 1995), anxiety (Olweus 1978; Salmon and James 1998; Sharp 1995; Slee 1994), and anger and self-pity (Borg 1998). Currie and Kelly (2006) observed that a common yet particularly severe form of name-calling that resulted in the most reputational damage was being called a slut, which results from perceived inappropriate interactions with or seeking attention from boys. Codes of conduct are of particular interest because they have been created under the auspices of improving school safety. As noted by Reinke and Herman (2002), schools tend to have personalities of their own. Concept in social psychology in which preconceived ideas about how someone will act cause that person to act in such a way, even if the belief about that person was initially Charter schools (Chapter 4) can also be thought of as streaming children, but of instead of streaming them into ability groups, they are streamed into particular philosophical or religious orientations. Children gain an impression of how people perceive them as the As noted by Krahn and Taylor (2007), labour shortages in the area of skilled trades have also supported the arguments for streaming because such shortages point to a need for more vocational training opportunities in Canadian high schools, which of course are associated with the non-academic stream. Previous explanations of males outperformance of females in science and mathematics suggested that biological factors predisposed males to be better at more technical subjects than females. Sussman et al. The socialization of students through the use of school rules, including dress codes and uniforms, was also addressed. Individual subjects in school also have a tendency to be sex-stereotyped. Within these two generalizations, however, much differentiation existed regarding the amount of money spent on the clothing. Sociology of Education in Canada by Dr. Karen L. Robson is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Of course, popularity is a factor in social identity. Peer victimizationrefers to physical and emotional abuse experienced by children from other childrenotherwise known as bullying. According to Simmons (2002), there are rules for how good girls act, and participating in overt acts of violence does not conform to this role. Students who exhibit higher academic aptitude are put with similar students into advanced courses where they will be challenged. One final agent of socialization is religion, discussed further in It can be difficult for teachers to be warm and supportive when behavioural disruptions from students make it challenging for the teacher to perform his or her instructional role (Jennings and Greenberg 2009). 2004). A teacher, for example, is largely in charge of the student, but the relationship that a child has with a teacher is far less intimate than the relationship a child shares with his or her parents; A student must also adapt to spending a significant amount of time in large groups; A child must learn to be independent to achieve the academic goals of school; A child must also learn to form bonds and develop social bonds with other children in school; and. Alberta Education explains that this. Home schooling advocates have argued that one reason might be that the school-based peer group is unnatural and that home schooling exposes young people to a wider variety of age groups, which makes them more socially mature (Smedley 1992). It should be noted that informal mechanisms of streaming, however, can also be understood as the outcomes of other schooling practices that occur at the level of the institution. Recent immigrant youth may also be placed in lower tracks due to their English language skills, rather than their overall academic ability (Sweet et al.
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