Therefore, Henry created the Church of England, a protestant church, which allowed for divorce. In 1485 - 1603 To What Extent Was The Government Of England - Phdessay He then banned English trade with the Netherlands for a period of time which damaged Englands economy and caused much hardship for the English people. Approximately 30 ships were destroyed and tonnes of supplies were also seized including food and weapons. In 1558, England lost its final possession - the port of Calais - in France. You may use the following in your answer: France and Elizabeth's legitimacy (16 marks) 'Religion was the main cause of the . Foreign threat: Spain and France were the most powerful countries in Europe and were Catholic. Moreover, when Henry executed Anne Boleyn in 1536, Henry VIII himself declared Elizabeth illegitimate (although this situation was later reversed). This was due to the actions of her father, Henry VIII, in 1533. 30 ships were destroyed, as well as lots of supplies. Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. Elizabeth I - Accession | Britannica The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation. The most important reason why Mary was a threat to Elizabeth's reign was the fact that Mary was Catholic. The Duke of Medina Sidonia sailed up the Channel and anchored at Calais while waiting for reinforcements from the Duke of Parmas troops. Elizabeth I | Hampton Court Palace | Historic Royal Palaces As such, I disagree with the statement. In 1569, one of the wealthiest landowners in England, the Duke of Norfolk concocted a plan to marry Mary, Queen of Scots and have her recognised as Elizabeths heir. Queen Elizabeth had become aware of this plan and in 1587, sent her most successful privateer, Sir Francis Drake, to spy on Spanish preparations and attack their ships and supplies. ( Public Domain ) Henry VIII was succeeded by his son Edward VI who reigned for a mere six years before succumbing to tuberculosis at the age of 15. It was the arrival of Mary which also partly contributed to the revolt of the Northern Earls in 1569, which had brief success. - Financial issues may have led to her loosing powerful allies as she could not give important people grant patronages. In 1581, Protestant rebels in the Netherlands declared independence from Spain and established a Dutch republic. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Mary, Queen of Scots, flees from Scotland to England. The plots involved European conspirators and were supported by France, Spain and even the Pope. Elizabeth and James VI agreed to maintain Protestantism as their respective countries religion. Boston Spa, The Spanish plan to meet the Duke of Parma at Dunkirk was seriously flawed. Religion was the most serious problem facing Elizabeth in 1558? How far Elizabeth I faced more difficulties as a monarch than any other Tudor. What happened to Elizabeth I in 1554? - Answers The war was going badly for England. This partly explained why harsher treatment of Catholics occurred soon after, led by the Council of the North. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. The loss of ships, weapons and supplies were proving incredibly costly for Spain as these needed to be replaced and obtaining fresh supplies put a strain on Spains finances. What made the Auld Alliance stronger at this time was the fact that Mary, Queen of Scots was married to the French Prince Francis II. DOCX www.oasisacademywintringham.org The Ridolfi Plot of 1571 and later the Throckmorton and Babington Plots, of 1583 and 1586 respectively, all involved the aim of placing Mary on the throne. If those Catholics decided to rebel against . For example, from 1567, Elizabeth allowed the Dutch sea beggars to shelter in English harbours (from where they then attacked Spanish ships in the English Channel who were making their way with men and materiel to support Albas mission). If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Queen Elizabeth I: The Controversies and the - Ancient Origins Doodle's Point of View The fear of a Catholic uprising and a plot against Elizabeth was a constant threat to her. What were the causes of westward "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd point + evidence. 2022 Youth Conference - post conference 4 month challenge! However, the Privy Council had put huge pressure on Elizabeth to marry and urged her to take a husband in late 1559, which suggests that the Privy Council would have agreed on a suitor had there been someone suitable as they realised the importance of securing a Protestant English throne and the Tudor dynasty, and perhaps it was this lack of a suitable suitor that caused Elizabeth to remain . This was because the society was very patriarchal, male dominated, meaning that she . This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. It was estimated that Drake returned with approximately 400,000 of Spanish treasure from regular raids of Spanish ports in South America. PDF GCSE History Elizabethan Age, 1558-1603 Revision guide Register for free, Home / Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. The English also had better tactics that were more effective. Company Reg no: 04489574. The Catholic threat - Elizabethan Religious Settlement - AQA - BBC Bitesize Marys presence in England posed an on-going threat as she had a strong claim to the throne herself. The features and significance of the Ridolfi, Throckmorton and Babington plots. Describe two features of the Rebellion of the Norther earls 1559 7. In order to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII had to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. Pope Pius V excommunicates Elizabeth from the Catholic Church. Elizabeth seized the gold which angered King Phillip and in response, he seized English ships that were in Antwerp. The threat of France to Elizabeth's rule - BBC Bitesize This risked provoking King Phillip further and to avoid this, Elizabeth forced Dudley to resign his position immediately. John White (another leading colonist) sailed back to England to report on the problems being experienced. Am I doing my History A-Level coursework correctly? Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Edward VI - Wikipedia Following Marys death, there were no more major Catholic plots during Elizabeths reign. He plotted a Spanish invasion of England, which would involve the killing of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. 1534 Duke of Angoulme (third son of Francis I)c1542 A Prince of Portugal1543 Son of the Earl of Arran 1544 Prince Philip (Philip II) 1547 Sir Thomas Seymour 1552 Prince of Denmark 1553 Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire 1554 Philibert Emanuel, Duke of Savoy 1554 Prince of Denmark 1556 Prince Eric of Sweden 1556 Don Carlos (son of Philip II)1559 Philip II 1559 Prince Eric of Sweden 1559 Son of John Frederic, Duke of Saxony 1559 Sir William Pickering 1559 Earl of Arran 1559 Henry Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel 1559 Robert Dudley 1560 King Eric of Sweden 1560 Adolphus, Duke of Holstein 1560 King Charles IX 1560 Henry, Duke of Anjou 1566 Robert Dudley 1568 Archduke Charles 1570 Henry Duke of Anjou 1572- 1584 Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Anjou. Cleopatra, Queen Victoria and many more. The rebellion involved a force of approximately 5500 men and, for approximately a month, the north of England (from Alnwick to Pontefract, east of the Pennines) was in the control of the northern earls. Spains forces in the Netherlands mutinied (as they hadnt been paid by the now bankrupt Spanish government). Instead, Drakes plan was to attack the port of Cadiz, which wasnt as well defended. migration? Elizabeth offered support to the Protestant Henry IV of France but found him an difficult ally to get on with. VAT reg no 816865400. However, the settlement was abandoned and no trace of the colonists was ever found. Challenges to Elizabeth's rule - Edexcel - BBC Bitesize Another danger was the risk Marys son, James VI of Scotland posted as he might seek revenge for his mothers death. The Ridolfi plot failed mostly due to Elizabeths allies passing the names of the main conspirators involved to her. The Throckmorton plot was a conspiracy to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots in 1583. The plan was that 130 ships (equipped with 2431 guns) would sail along the Channel to the Netherlands, where they would pick up 27,000 troops, led by the Duke of Parma. -In 1558, Elizabeth the first became queen. Coronation: 15 January 1559, Westminster Abbey. 1) In 1557, Mary I took England to war with France to support her husband who was already fighting the French. As the war ended, Philip II of Spain wanted to stay on good . One was debt. Elizabeth chose to give direct help to the rebels by signing the Treaty of Nonsuch, which placed the Netherlands under her protection and promised military help. Those involved planned for an invasion of England by French troops and were financed by Phillip II of Spain and the Pope. These problems included Gender, Religion, Finance and Foreign policy. To counter homelessness and the begging/criminal activity that sometimes accompanied this, a law was passed that stated that, if found, vagrants were: 1) to be whipped and have a hole drilled through each ear 2) if found a second time would be imprisoned 3) would be killed if found a third time. When are the GCSE exams for 2020?Which exam board are you studying? This attack proved to be a major setback for Spanish preparation for the Armada. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeth's predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. Elizabeth increased her financial commitment to the cause of the Dutch rebels and hired mercenary soldiers to intervene in the conflict under the leadership of John Casimir. . Babington and other known plotters were hanged, drawn and quartered. Boston Spa, The victory over the Spanish was not just a military success for England, but it also helped to strengthen Elizabeths rule over the country. (4 marks) According to many people at the time Mary Queen of Scots had a stronger claim to the . After Anne Boleyn was executed, Henry had the marriage annulled, effectively meaning that it never happened. The French Catholic League signed this treaty with Philip II of Spain. [Relative comparison made to inform the judgement here shows instantly criteria are being established, helping to signpost the rest of the answer.]. Importantly too, Elizabeths fear of the Auld Alliance was heightened by the fact that the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, had declared herself the legitimate Queen of England (owing to the fact that she was Elizabeths second cousin and the granddaughter of Henry VIIIs sister Margaret) and she had the support of many English Catholics. Save. It had to deal with Irish . He would often return with huge amounts of treasure for Queen Elizabeth. In Europe, the 1570s saw some of the worst atrocities of the protracted fall-out of the Reformation. In 1568, a final blow came when some Spanish ships were blown off course into English waters, and the English seized them. Humiliatingly, Elizabeth had to confirm the loss of Calais, which had been an English possession since 1347. The English army was also poorly equipped and Elizabeth did not provide sufficient funds to pay for the English troops. The Situation on Elizabeth's Accession | Mind Map - GoConqr However, she was fearful of the presence of Spain in the Netherlands, who were busy putting down the Dutch Revolt from 1566 under the command of the Duke of Alba. The English had drastically improved their shipbuilding techniques which gave them several technological advantages. Elizabeth delayed the opening of this Parliament that had originally been summoned in the autumn of 1588 in response to the defeat of the Spanish Armada for as long as she could afford to, knowing that the Commons would be eager to broach two topics, religious debates and foreign policy, that she usually reserved to her prerogative. Foreign Policy 1553 to 1558 - History Learning Site Stimulus = Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England / The sea beggars, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. They were not able to do this because the English used their greater manoeuvrability to stay out of range while firing broadsides (massive barrages of cannonballs) that could sink the Spanish ships. Spouse: None. Here then, military alliances, English weaknesses, questions of legitimacy and the influence of religion all meant Elizabeth was very vulnerable upon her accession. The use of fireships by the British exposed this weakness. Elizabeth therefore committed actions that helped undermine the Spanish whilst ensuring England did not become fully embroiled in the conflict. Mary became the inspiration for frequent revolts and rebellions, as it suddenly appeared possible that Elizabeth could be realistically replaced by a legitimate Catholic heir. Stimulus = Anne Boleyn / The threat from France, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. Why was the threat of invasion Elizabeth's biggest problem in 1558? James also pledged to help Elizabeth if invaded. [A range of examples and wide-ranging knowledge really help explore the extent of this problem facing Elizabeth.]. The harsh weather conditions made it impossible for the Spanish fleet to return to the Channel after the battle of Gravelines. - I partly agree with the statement as both France and Spain were powerful Catholic countries, who could unite against Protestant England. (*fragmentary*). He chose to sail around Scotland and Ireland which presented a dangerous route which the Spanish sailors were unfamiliar with. At the beginning of her reign, an obvious candidate for Elizabeth to marry was her half sister's widow, Phillip of Spain. As Catholics do not believe in divorce it means that the marriage between Henry and Catherine was never dissolved, and therefore, the marriage with Anne never happened, and as a result of this Elizabeth was an illegitimate child and had no right to the throne of England. Letters sent to Mary were also intercepted which implicated her and the Duke of Norfolk in the plot. This forced the Spanish fleet to travel into the dangerous waters off the Scottish and Irish coasts. -Threats from Catholics in the middle years were significant e.g. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st explanation. Instead, both men preferred to negotiate a settlement. Another reason Dudley failed was a number of his officers were divided over questions of strategy. PDF History Paper 2 - Elizabeth Topic 1: Early threats and the Religious Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the problem posed to Elizabeth I upon her accession arising from the question of legitimacy. A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. GCSE: Early Elizabethan England (1558-88) - Tutor2u Dudleys campaign in 1586-1587 proved to be unsuccessful and he suffered heavy defeats at the hands of the Spanish general, the. Mary was spared. Overall then, despite the question of legitimacy being extremely important due to the fact that Elizabeth could not count on the support of many English Catholics and the fact that it allowed a rival in Scotland to have claims to the throne, the immediate concerns of Elizabeth were of a more practical nature. Drake himself described the raid as Singeing the King of Spains beard. Sir Francis Drake was a leading privateer and responsible for leading several expeditions into the New World in the late 1560s and 1570s. Importantly though, the arrival of Mary Queen of Scots in England did more to embolden the threat of Catholicism. King Phillip tried to send two further Armadas in the 1590s however, both were unsuccessful. After his successful raid on Cadiz, Drake sailed along the coast of Portugal and Spain, seizing Spanish ships and destroying supplies that were being sent to Lisbon for the Armada. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. One fact that should not be ignored from 1566 was the increasing role of the Pope and his determination to undermine Elizabeth. She was reluctant to execute Mary as she was Queen of Scotland and she believed in Divine Right that rulers were sent by God to govern their country. Henry himself gave people cause . By studying this week, students should have an understanding of: . Englands victory over the Spanish navy in 1588 contributed to their development as a strong naval power to rival Spain. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th point + evidence. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. There are 4 main exam boards used in the UK. Who was Queen Elizabeth enemies? - idswater.com King Phillip saw the signing of the 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch as a declaration fo war on Spain and in response, he began to build a huge fleet of ships known as an Armada to invade England with. This was viewed as significant because it was seen as a means to increase trade, to expand Protestantism and to use the area as a base for attacks on Spanish colonies in the New World. Elizabeth was eager to nullify the threat of the Auld Alliance (Scotland and France), which had been further reinforced by the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots and French King Francis II. The most formidable female leaders in history - Stars Insider 214 High Street, However, it should be noted that one reason for the eventual crushing of the revolt is because the vast majority of Catholics in the north stayed loyal to Elizabeth and did not revolt, suggesting that Elizabeth did not face a threat from all Catholics within England, but enough of a threat to be permanently suspicious. Her forty-five year reign was constantly under threat, which makes the fact that she was able to overcome these for forty-five years even more remarkable. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Apply for student finance without a bank account? Catholics and Queen Elizabeth I - BBC Bitesize The English were worried about the threat of invasion and they attacked the Spanish ships as they sailed along the Channel, but the Armada was so strong that most of the ships reached Calais safely. Another being the English sympathy to the protestant rebels on the Netherlands. Working for the British, Native American Manteo was placed in charge of the expedition by Sir Walter Raleigh. Spain depended on large ships which were heavy and difficult to handle whereas the English built long, narrow ships that were faster and easier to handle. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. As Phillip was a devout Catholic, he disliked Elizabeths religious settlement and Protestanism. The rest of the Spanish fleet was forced to sail away from the French coast and into the North Sea with the English fleet on their trail. He saw Drake as a pirate and therefore deemed Elizabeths act as deliberately provocative. Elizabeth's Legitimacy | History | tutor2u This increased tension between England and Spain. Elizabethan Religious Settlement - BBC Bitesize As the Spanish had lost these to Drake, they were forced to make their barrels from unseasoned wood, which couldnt preserve food or water very well. Elizabeth hesitated for several months, however, eventually signed Marys death warrant. West Yorkshire, On the death of Mary and the accession of Elizabeth, many hard-line Protestants returned from mainland Europe (where they had fled for their own safety during the reign of Mary) in the full expectation that they were returning to a state where Protestantism was the one and only . In 1570, Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth, encouraging Catholics everywhere to rise up and depose the heretic queen. Ironically the simple accession of Elizabeth in 1558 made any desire for a settlement so much more difficult. The news of the rebellion caused widespread. [Referencing this date is very good, because it demonstrates to the examiner awareness of WHY the question includes this date in the first place. Why religious compromise was so difficult. No, Francis in Reign does not have a child. Topic guides / - Leith blockade. By the 1580s, the relationship between England and Spain was at its lowest point and the tension was at boiling point. - death of henry II. English direct involvement in the Netherlands, 1585-88. The plan was supported by various Catholic nobles, including the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland as this would mean Elizabeth (a Protestant) could be succeeded by a Catholic queen. It was a turning point: the rest of Elizabeth's reign was bedevilled by plots and rumours of Catholic rebellion. 14-16 / The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: In 1568, the Queens Spymaster, Francis Walsingham used his spy network to prove that Mary had supported the Babington Plot. For two weeks of the second half of November, Catholic mass was heard at Durham Cathedral too (with all evidence of Protestantism destroyed). One last thing to consider was the fact that Elizabeth was unmarried and childless. The war against France ended in 1559, and following Elizabeths accession, they tried to maintain good relations between the two countries. Financial Weakness She was 300,000 in debt. All Catholic priests are ordered to leave the country. They never met with the Duke of Parma and were forced to sail around the British Isles. Over the last 40 years there had been 3 different rulers, Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I all of which had very different views on religion and running the country. However, there were other challenges facing Elizabeth. This caused panic among the Spanish sailors, who cut their anchor cables and broke their defensive formation as they headed for the open sea. France was to be a constant thorn in the side of Elizabeth I throughout her reign. - Invasion was a major threat because of the power of the countries France and Spain. Elizabeth also felt she had no right to execute a legitimate monarch but also, executing a queen could set a dangerous precedent that could undermine her own claim to rule by Divine Right and fuel more plots against her. Company Reg no: 04489574. The Duke of Norfolk was arrested and executed however Mary was not punished beyond her supervision being made tighter. Copy. Complete the sentence in a way that shows you understand the meaning of the italicized vocabulary word. VAT reg no 816865400. He was younger than Elizabeth but their union was based on a mutual need for France and England to form an alliance. Elizabeth I and Finances - History Learning Site Te Deums were sung in churches, bonfires lit, and "their was shott at the Tower that night above two thousand . Elizabeth's legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. Most people in . In 1584, the rebel leader, William the Silent was assassinated, and the Dutch resistance was at risk of defeat. They had enjoyed religious freedom under Queen Mary, Elizabeth's sister, and they were now being. Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17th November 1558 to 24th March 1603. Drake also managed to capture a Spanish ship called the. By the end of Elizabeths reign, the navy was also playing an important role in settling up an English colony in North America. The victory over the Spanish boosted Elizabeths popularity and strengthened the Protestant cause as it was a sign that God favoured Protestantism. The Netherlands had been part of the Spanish empire since the 1550s. She pledged to finance an army of 7,400 English troops and placed Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, in charge of them. This time, however, the evidence gathered by Walsingham was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial. In total, less than 10000 men and half the fleet made it back to Spain. She was then third in line behind her Roman Catholic half-sister, Princess Mary. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the reasons for the increased Catholic threat to Elizabeth I after 1566. Elizabeth 1 - Foreign Policy - Revision Cards in A Level and IB History As with the 1569 plot, she would marry the Duke of Norfolk. The Council was controlled by southern Protestants and this caused resentment by the northern nobles. This established a new Anglo-Scottish peace and also reconfirmed the agreement at Cateau-Cambresis. Why was the Catholic threat greater by the 1580s? "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - conclusion. Here is a summary timeline of key events for students taking Early Elizabethan England (1558-88). One way in which Mary was central to the Catholic threat was through her part in various plots to overthrow Elizabeth. Increased Catholic Threat to Elizabeth I (GCSE Example Answer Elizabeth had given financial help to the rebels, however, remained reluctant to provoke King Phillip by getting directly involved. Mary | Biography & Facts | Britannica