how many kwh to produce 1 kg of hydrogen

Hydrogen is little more than transformed electricity. For example, studies on hydrogen production using H. salinarium, an anaerobic photosynthetic bacteria, coupled to a hydrogenase donor like E. coli, are reported in literature. View complete answer on wernerantweiler.ca. Hydrogen can be used to produce clean and silent electricity for many uses, addressing an immediate need and offering a genuine benefit. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. It takes about 50 kiloWatt hours (kWh) to electrolyze 9 kg of water into 1 kg of H2 and 8 kg of O2. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. To produce hydrogen by electrolysis, 39.4 kWh of input power is required to produce one kg of hydrogen, if the electrolysis process is 100% efficient. [6] Depending on the quality of the feedstock (natural gas, rich gases, naphtha, etc. How do I make sure lice doesn't come back? This means that if natural gas costs $6/million BTU, then hydrogen will be $18/million BTU. How much energy is produced? This reduces the required electrical energy and has the potential to reduce the cost of hydrogen to less than 40~60% with the remaining energy provided in this manner. Of the available energy of the feed, approximately 48% is contained in the hydrogen, 40% is contained in activated carbon and 10% in superheated steam. It is highly flammable, needing only a small amount of energy to ignite and burn. (1). It is not a feasible method for industry. [6] Fossil fuels are the dominant source of industrial hydrogen. Photo fermentative bacteria are able to generate hydrogen from VFAs. [92], This makes it logical to investigate alternative sources for hydrogen production. In a second stage, additional hydrogen is generated through the lower-temperature, exothermic, water-gas shift reaction, performed at about 360C (680F): Essentially, the oxygen (O) atom is stripped from the additional water (steam) to oxidize CO to CO2. Looking at hydrogen production, the minimum water electrolysis can consume is about 9 kg of water per kg of hydrogen. The global hydrogen generation market was valued at US$135.94 billion in 2021, and expected to grow to US$219.2 billion by 2030, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.4% from 2021 to 2030. If the electricity for electrolysis comes from renewables (wind and solar), there is no 'direct' release of . You may opt-out by. Coke oven gas made from pyrolysis (oxygen free heating) of coal has about 60% hydrogen, the rest being methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, ammonia, molecular nitrogen, and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). A modern SMR plant consists of four systems: Desulfurization, Reforming, High-Temperature Shift (HTS), and Pressure Swing Absorption (PSA). Hydrogen produced from renewable energy sources is often referred to as green hydrogen. Its energy density is between 120 and 142 MJ/kg. Heat values of various fuels - World Nuclear Association [1] So a tonne of hydrogen delivers about 33 MWh and a million tonnes about 33 terawatt hours (TWh). Hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant element in the universe. kilograms). PDF Basic information on hydrogen If we assume the average is 5,000 hours a year, or about 60% of the time, then the world will need around 4,500 gigawatts of electrolysis capacity - about five hundred times what is currently in place - at the prospective 75% efficiency level. On an apples-to-apples basis, it depends on several factors but it is likely that the conversion of hydrogen into power will have a carbon footprint greater than that of natural gas-fired power, but less than that of coal-fired power. In fossil fuels, it is combined with carbon as in petroleum, natural gas or coal. First Analysis of the Water Requirements of a Hydrogen Economy - Phys.org Hydrogen Conversion Calculator Today! This leads to SMR onsite CO 2 emissions of about 9.4 kg/kg H 2, or 82,658 g CO2 /mmbtu H 2, or 78.3 g CO 2 /MJ H 2, in LHV, which is close to the median CO 2 from the GHGRP as reported above. Hydrogen can be separated from other impurities by the pressure-swing adsorption process. Petroleum coke can also be converted to hydrogen-rich syngas via coal gasification. Hydrogen separation occurs in one step via flow through a molten metal catalyst[13] in a "bubble column". I have converted their data to metric tons of carbon dioxide emitted by these process units per million SCF of hydrogen produced. Electric Vehicles Are Not Zero Emissions - But They Are Much Greener The natural gas entering the SMR is split before desulfurization, with a small amount of flow mixing with the PSA waste gas and being combusted to provide the high temperatures needed for the reaction. Over 95% of the worlds hydrogen is produced using the steam methane reforming process (SMR). [25], There are three main types of electrolytic cells, solid oxide electrolyser cells (SOECs), polymer electrolyte membrane cells (PEM) and alkaline electrolysis cells (AECs). The proposed process will develop the technology to produce ammonia from renewable sources of energy with 25% less energy input per tonne of ammonia. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Hydrogen fuel, when produced by renewable sources of energy like wind or solar power, is a renewable fuel. A typical operational figure is abou. A heavy steel pressure vessel is filled with sodium hydroxide and ferrosilicon, closed, and a controlled amount of water is added; the dissolving of the hydroxide heats the mixture to about 93C and starts the reaction; sodium silicate, hydrogen and steam are produced. Of course, that is just the carbon footprint of hydrogen production. PEM electrolysis cells typically operate below 100C (212F). At these high temperatures, a significant amount of the energy required can be provided as thermal energy (heat), and as such is termed high-temperature electrolysis. Hydrogen burns cleanly. Electrolysis of ammonia in waste water consumes just 1.55 kWh of electrical energy to produce 1 kg of hydrogen. [6], The carbon monoxide gas can then be passed with steam over iron oxide or other oxides and undergo a water-gas shift reaction to obtain further quantities of H2. Hydrogen is produced as a by-product of industrial chlorine production by electrolysis. [88], The conversion of solar energy to hydrogen by means of water splitting process is one of the most interesting ways to achieve clean and renewable energy systems. Mass production of hydrogen from electrolysis | Infinergia Part 4: Production from electricity by means of electrolysis", "high-rate and high efficiency 3D water electrolysis", "DOE Technical Targets for Hydrogen Production from Electrolysis", "Xcel Attracts 'Unprecedented' Low Prices for Solar and Wind Paired With Storage", "Wide Spread Adaption of Competitive Hydrogen Solution", "Commentary: Producing industrial hydrogen from renewable energy", "Emerging electrochemical energy conversion and storage technologies", "Long-Term Sustainability of a High-Energy, Low-Diversity Crustal Biome", "Dream or Reality? %%EOF Alaska Project Supports President Bidens Energy Goals, Baytex/Ranger Oil Combination First Of Its Kind In Almost A Year, International Energy Week Is A Lesson In Cognitive Dissonance. [6] Carbon dioxide can be co-fed to lower the hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio. Hydrogen produced by steam reformation costs approximately three times the cost of natural gas per unit of energy produced. The hot gas exiting the SMR is cooled, which simultaneously generates steam in the process. The molecular weight of H2 is 2.016 grams per mole. How much is a kWh of hydrogen? Hence, metabolites formed in dark fermentation can be used as feedstock in photo fermentation to enhance the overall yield of hydrogen.[92]. For a full comparison, pressure and purity of the hydrogen produced also need to be considered. Carbon footprints are often reported in terms of energy. Thermochemical cycles combine solely heat sources (thermo) with chemical reactions to split water into its hydrogen and oxygen components. For example, power plants usually report carbon footprints in terms of kilowatt-hours (kWh). Production of hydrogen - Energy Information Administration ) to express MWh. Opinions expressed by Forbes Contributors are their own. When hydrogen is combusted, it forms water. For example, in water, hydrogen is combined with oxygen. The downside to this process is that its byproducts are major atmospheric release of CO2, CO and other greenhouse gases. [101] This is often referred to as grey hydrogen when emissions are released to the atmosphere, and blue hydrogen when emissions are captured through carbon capture and storage (CCS). The 2020 Mirai recently managed 1,003 km on a tank of hydrogen, but the official range is 400 miles (640km). However, the devices commonly found in operation for this process are less efficient. How much does it cost to produce 1kg of hydrogen? [75] The source energy is mainly solar energy, with help of photosynthetic microorganisms to decompose water or biomass to produce hydrogen. It is highly flammable, needing only a small amount of energy to ignite and burn. To provide a sense of scale, the UK uses about 300 TWh of electricity a year. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. A practical medium . Hydrogen costs may be quoted in $/kg or . Hydrogen is not an energy source, but is an energy vector or carrier. A typical operational figure is about 48 kWh per kg of hydrogen. So, this is a LHV (lower heating value) of 120.9 kJ/gram of hydrogen when heat of vaporization is subtracted. It is currently the cheapest source of industrial hydrogen. How much hydrogen is produced by electrolysis using a 150 watts? This calculator allows you to calculate the amount of each fuel necessary to provide the same energy as 1 kg of hydrogen, 1 million cubic feet natural gas, 1 barrel of crude oil, or 1 gallon of other fuels, based on lower heating values. There are several methods for producing or extracting hydrogen. Sign In or Register HERE for Free to Download the All the energy we use, including hydrogen, must be produced from one of these three primary energy resources. The carbon footprint of hydrogen production via SMR can be broken down into two parts. First, as indicated by the SMR and WGS reactions, 100% of the carbon in the incoming methane is ultimately converted to CO2. Hydrogen is a versatile energy carrier that can be used to power nearly every end-use energy need. Hydrogen Basics - Solar Production - FSEC https://nelhydrogen.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Nel-ASA-Q1-2021-presentation.pdf, Some rules of thumb of the hydrogen economy. There are two practical ways of producing hydrogen from renewable energy sources. [46] Such an electrolyser at 15 bar pressure may consume 50 kilowatt-hours per kilogram (180MJ/kg), and a further 15 kilowatt-hours (54MJ) if the hydrogen is compressed for use in hydrogen cars. [44] AECs optimally operate at high concentrations of electrolyte (KOH or potassium carbonate) and at high temperatures, often near 200C (392F). Nevertheless, at present hydrogen is produced mainly from fossil fuels, in particular, natural gas which are non-renewable sources. Steam methane reforming is between $1[53]3/kg on average. This means that if natural gas costs $6/million BTU, then hydrogen will be $18/million BTU. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Hydrogen production from natural gas and biomethane with carbon capture and storage A techno-environmental analysis", Antonini et al. [87] with a hydrogen production rate of 1012 ml per liter culture per hour. President George W. Bush touted the potential for a hydrogen economy in his 2003 State of the Union address. Japanese steel companies have carried out production of hydrogen by this method. . How much electricity is needed to make hydrogen? Due to their use of water, a readily available resource, electrolysis and similar water-splitting methods have attracted the interest of the scientific community. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Thus, whether hydrogen is really clean depends on the method of production. This is equivalent to 36% of the useable energy contained in 1 kg of hydrogen (33.33 kWh/kg, see above). Green hydrogen production | Renewable Energy | Siemens Energy Global Methanol (CH 3 OH) 22.7 MJ/kg. Currently, most hydrogen is "grey", meaning it was made from methane, which produces about 9.3kg of CO2 per kg of hydrogen. Billions of dollars have been invested in the attempt to realize this vision. endstream endobj startxref Hydrogen to Ammonia - Australian Renewable Energy Agency The collaborative Hydrogen Storage Engineering Center of Excellence conducts analysis activities to determine the current status of materials-based storage system technologies. More hydrogen and carbon dioxide are then obtained from carbon monoxide (and water) via the water-gas shift reaction. It reportedly generates hydrogen at 100 percent of the theoretical yield without the need for any catalysts, chemicals, or externally supplied power.[99][100]. Der Energieinhalt von 1 Nm Wasserstoff entspricht 0,34 l Benzin, 1 l flssiger Wasserstoff entspricht 0,27 l Benzin,1 kg Wasserstoff entspricht 2,75 kg Benzin: The energy content of 1 Nm hydrogen is equivalent to 0.34 l gasoline, 1 l liquid hydrogen is equivalent to 0.27 l gasoline, 1 kg hydrogen is equivalent to 2.75 kg gasoline (based on lower heating value). H2 View Exclusive - Calculating the Cost of Green Hydrogen Put an energy value of 50 kWh of electricity in and get hydrogen out with an energy value of 33.3 kWh, or 67% efficiency. How much energy does it take to produce 1kg of hydrogen? Energy Density of Hydrogen. Because hydrogen has a low volumetric energy density, it is stored onboard a vehicle as . We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Since then, many articles that analyze the hydrogen economy's opportunities and challenges have been published in popular and scientic media [3-9]. The lower heating value of 3 kWh/Nm is usually used if the hydrogen is not burned directly. A steady 150 Watts of power (ignoring daylight cycles) would be able to produce about 0.003 kg (3 grams) of H2 per hour with an STP volume of about 0.0337 cubic meters. Hydrogen Data Hydrogen is colorless and odorless Detectors are needed Hydrogen flames are virtually invisible in daylight Detectors are needed Hydrogen disperses 3.8 times as fast as natural gas. [58] The report by IRENA.ORG is an extensive factual report of present-day industrial hydrogen production consuming about 53 to 70 kWh per kg could go down to about 45 kWh/kg H2. Dimethyl ether - DME (CH 3 OCH 3) kcal/hr kW kcal/hr Steam Boiler 3,742,371 Post Reformer Cooler 2,238,933 Reformer 6,332,965 Post HTS Cooler 1,026,525 Amine Duty 5,680,514 Post LTS Cooler 2,305,814 Methanator Reheat 553,190 Amine Coolers 3,550,321 The calculator also accounts for different periods of time and units of measurement. 1, A kilogramme of hydrogen - the unit most often used - has an energy value of about 33.3 kWh. Photofermentation differs from dark fermentation because it only proceeds in the presence of light. In any of the latest fuel cell cars, 1 kg of hydrogen will let you drive 97 100 km. As of 2020, the cost of hydrogen by electrolysis is around $38/kg. Methods to produce hydrogen without the use of fossil fuels involve the process of water splitting, or splitting the water molecule (H2O) into its components oxygen and hydrogen. Hydrogen has an energy density of 39 kWh/kg, which means that 1 kg of hydrogen contains 130 times more energy than 1kg of batteries. A distinction is made between thermal partial oxidation (TPOX) and catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX). All e-mails from the system will be sent to this address. [89][90][91], Biomass and waste streams can in principle be converted into biohydrogen with biomass gasification, steam reforming, or biological conversion like biocatalysed electrolysis[67] or fermentative hydrogen production. About 50 kWh of electricity is required to produce 1 kg of hydrogen through electrolysis. What is in high demand during a recession? LIN What is produced when you burn hydrogen? So lots of energy can be stored with hydrogen in only a small volume. into the oxygen side of the reactor. 9, At the prospective efficiency level of about 75%, this number falls to about 44 TWh. The energy in 2.2 pounds (1 kilogram) of hydrogen gas is about the same as the energy in 1 gallon (6.2 pounds, 2.8 kilograms) of gasoline. When used as part of a fuel cell, 1 kg of hydrogen can produce 33 kWh of electrical energy. However, it is possible in theory to capture the carbon emissions generated in the SMR process. The Impact of Increased Use of Hydrogen on Petroleum Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Emissions. [34] The electrical efficiency of electrolysis is expected to reach 8286%[35] before 2030, while also maintaining durability as progress in this area continues apace. One of the advantages of electrolysis over hydrogen from steam methane reforming (SMR) is that the hydrogen can be produced on-site, meaning that the costly process of delivery via truck or pipeline is avoided. Hydrogen from Natural Gas via Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) Energy efficiency of hydrogen from natural gas . When it is burned with oxygen, the only by products are heat and water. But that is for the actual conversion into power, and not just the energy content of the fuel. How much does 1kg of hydrogen cost? - Studybuff [10] The process consists of heating the gas to between 7001,100C (1,2922,012F) in the presence of steam and a nickel catalyst. The calculator also accounts for different periods of time and units of measurement. ), one ton of hydrogen produced will also produce 9 to 12 tons of CO2, a greenhouse gas that may be captured. High quality hydrogen is produced directly from natural gas and the associated non-polluting solid carbon is not released into the atmosphere and can then be sold for industrial use or stored in landfill. In this method, iodine-sulfur (IS) thermo-chemical cycle for splitting water and high-temperature steam electrolysis (HTSE) were selected as the main processes for nuclear hydrogen production. [67], Carbon/hydrocarbon assisted water electrolysis (CAWE) has the potential to offer a less energy intensive, cleaner method of using chemical energy in various sources of carbon, such as low-rank and high sulfur coals, biomass, alcohols and methane (Natural Gas), where pure CO2 produced can be easily sequestered without the need for separation. Therefore, hydrogen can be used as a low-carbon fuel source. How much carbon dioxide is produced when different fuels are burned? The conversion can be accomplished in several ways, but all methods are generally more expensive than fossil-fuel based production methods. "If you want to get all European flights on hydrogen, you'd need 89,000 large wind turbines to produce enough hydrogen," says van Dijk. 2, Estimates vary, but about 70 million tonnes of pure hydrogen is made today, mostly for the fertiliser and oil refinery industries. complete answer Due to heat losses and inefficiencies, the actual number in practice in a large hydrogen plant is 21.9 metric tons. This is a BETA experience. An empirical model is used and estimates that 1.25 kg/bed/day of medical waste will be produced in 2025. These systems reflect sulfur removal, the reforming reaction, the WGS reaction, and hydrogen purification. The energy consumed by the process is 10-15 kWh/kg. Most analysis of the role of hydrogen in the global economy uses numbers that are not immediately translatable into conventional measurements. Hydrogen production by PEM water electrolysis - A review Efficiencies range from approximately 30% for gas turbines and up to 60% for large scale combined cycle plants. Dimensions Hydrogen Methane Density at NTP kg/m 3 0.09 0.72 Gravimetric HHV MJ/kg 142.0 55.6 Volumetric HHV MJ/m 3 12.7 40.0 Figure 2 shows the volumetric HHV energy densities of different energy carrier . For example, photo-fermentation with Rhodobacter sphaeroides SH2C can be employed to convert small molecular fatty acids into hydrogen. The Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) Process. complete answer on greencarreports.com. NEL, the worlds largest electrolyser manufacturer, says that it believes $1.50 is achievable in 2025, based on $20 per megawatt hour electricity. Hydrogen offers a way to produce a renewable, emissions-free fuel using the power of the sun and wind. A listing of the cost and performance characteristics of various hydrogen production processes is as follows: This table was originally published in IEEE Power & Energy, Vol. How many kWh is 1kg of hydrogen? The main biochemical technologies to produce hydrogen are dark and photo fermentation processes. My figures suggest the investment in electrolysers may exceed the cost of building the renewables necessary to provide the electricity for making hydrogen. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Find us on Facebook. Biocatalysed electrolysis should not be confused with biological hydrogen production, as the latter only uses algae and with the latter, the algae itself generates the hydrogen instantly, where with biocatalysed electrolysis, this happens after running through the microbial fuel cell and a variety of aquatic plants[97] can be used. If we assume a capacity factor of 50% for a well-sited North Sea wind farm, each gigawatt of capacity will provide about 4,400 GWh a year, or 4.4 TWh. The produced syngas consists mainly of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and H2S from the sulfur in the coke feed. A world that requires 500 million tonnes of hydrogen will therefore need to produce 22,000 TWh of green electricity a year just for this purpose. Those of us who look at the stock market valuations of the existing electrolyser manufacturers and recoil in disbelief may not being sufficiently imaginative. Round-trip Efficiency of Ammonia as a Renewable Energy Transportation However, taking into account the process of water de-mineralisation, the ratio can range between 18 kg and 24 kg of water per kg of hydrogen or even up to 25.7-30.2 according to [1]. Energy Equivalency of Fuels. Hydrogen can be combusted directly, or it can be used in a fuel cell to produce electricity. Energy conversion calculators - U.S. Energy Information Administration 1 How much energy does it take to produce 1kg of hydrogen? Pyrolysis can be divided into different types based on the pyrolysis temperature, namely low-temperature slow pyrolysis, medium-temperature rapid pyrolysis, and high-temperature flash pyrolysis. Electrolyzer overview: Lowering the cost of hydrogen and distributing As we described in our blog, I Did It!, hydrogen (H2) statistics are often quoted in units that can be hard to translate into something that's useful. The report by Bonaquist indicates about 6.4 lb steam was exported per lb hydrogen . How many kWh of electricity is needed to produce 1kg of hydrogen from This involves a pressurization step that causes impurities to bind to an adsorbent, while hydrogen passes through. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The tank, which is able to hold, for example, 6.3 kg of hydrogen, therefore, has a total capacity of 156 liters (Hyundai Nexo). Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy. Nearly 50% of the world's hydrogen is being produced by this method. Users can specify the input and output units including the factors, units, and time period. 11, How large a wind farm is needed to make a million tonnes of hydrogen? 1 kg of hydrogen has the same energy content as 1 gallon (3.2 kg) of gasoline. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Forrestal Building 1000 Independence Avenue, SW Washington, DC 20585. MRE electrolyzers require 48 kilowatt hours (KWH) of electricity to produce 1 kg of hydrogen. 5, Will the efficiency of electrolysers rise? Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies In general, all fuel cells have the same basic configuration an electrolyte and two In one year, 60 billion kilograms of hydrogen would require 143 billion gallons of . The challenge is to separate hydrogen from other naturally occurring compounds in an efficient and economic manner. This means that for every 1 kg of mass of hydrogen, it has an energy value of 120-142 MJ. The Sequel, which GM unveiled in January 2005, carries 8 kilograms of compressed hydrogen this way-enough to power the vehicle for 300 miles. Green hydrogen cost will not fall below $2 per kg unless RE generation Electrification of the Chemical Process Industries", "Review of renewable energy-based hydrogen production processes for sustainable energy innovation", "Hydrogen rich fuel gas production by gasification of wet biomass using a CO2 sorbent", "Progress of nuclear hydrogen production through the iodinesulfur process in China", Producing hydrogen: The Thermochemical cycles, IEA Energy Technology Essentials - Hydrogen Production & Distribution, "HTTR High Temperature engineering Test Reactor", https://smr.inl.gov/Document.ashx?path=DOCS%2FGCR-Int%2FNHDDELDER.pdf, "Status report 101 - Gas Turbine High Temperature Reactor (GTHTR300C)", "JAEA'S VHTR FOR HYDROGEN AND ELECTRICITY COGENERATION: GTHTR300C", "Process Simulation of Nuclear-Based Thermochemical Hydrogen Production with a Copper-Chlorine Cycle", Report No 40: The ferrosilicon process for the generation of hydrogen, Candid science: conversations with famous chemists, "Analytical approaches to photobiological hydrogen production in unicellular green algae", "Photocatalytic Water Splitting Under Visible Light: Concept and Catalysts Development", "Hydrogen production by photoelectrolysis of aqueous solutions of phenol using mixed oxide semiconductor films of BiNbMO (M=Al, Fe, Ga, In) as photoanodes", "Development of a mathematical methodology to investigate biohydrogen production from regional and national agricultural crop residues: A case study of Iran", "Optimization of organosolv pretreatment of rice straw for enhanced biohydrogen production using Enterobacter aerogenes", Wageningen University and Research Centre, "Aluminum Based Nanogalvanic Alloys for Hydrogen Generation", "Army discovery may offer new energy source", "First element in periodic table: Why all the fuss about hydrogen? gallons Btu megajoules liters. By contrast, hydrogen has an energy density of approximately 120 MJ/kg, almost three times more than diesel or gasoline. 28 0 obj <> endobj [7], Among hydrogen production methods such as steam methane reforming, thermal cracking, coal and biomass gasification and pyrolysis, electrolysis, and photolysis, biological ones are more eco-friendly and less energy intensive. The hydrogen calculator allows users to convert hydrogen quantities from one standard measure to another whether it's mass, volume, or energy content. Based on the atomic properties of water, 1 kg of hydrogen gas requires about 2.4 gallons of water as feedstock. Steam is then added to the cooled gas in the shift reactor to convert the carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide and more hydrogen. Steam reforming is a well-established technology that allows hydrogen production from hydrocarbons and water. mol - 1 + Heat 48.6 kJ. [3] In 2020, roughly 87 million tons of hydrogen was produced[4] worldwide for various uses, such as oil refining, in the production of ammonia through the Haber process, and in the production of methanol through reduction of carbon monoxide.

how many kwh to produce 1 kg of hydrogen 2023